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連載十一 怎么給豬配種，配種管理指南

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前言 Foreword丹育豬以高產(chǎn)著名于世，但由于豬場建設(shè)、飼養(yǎng)管理等諸多方面的挑戰(zhàn)，讓丹育豬在中國的生產(chǎn)性能未能達到預(yù)期，但丹育種豬在中國養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的受青睞程度仍越來越高 。豬譯館特收集整理了一系列丹育相關(guān)資料，目前正在轉(zhuǎn)載由喜肉科技攜手英聯(lián)飼料和華揚種豬聯(lián)合推出的丹麥養(yǎng)豬研究中心制作的丹育《配種管理手冊》，敬請關(guān)注 。編者的話 Editor’s Note配種是新一輪生產(chǎn)的開始，配種質(zhì)量會直接影響受胎率、分娩率、產(chǎn)仔數(shù)、斷奶數(shù)等一系列關(guān)鍵的KPI 。因此配種舍的正確管理有助于提高和維持母豬高產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn) 。本手冊詳細講解了不同生產(chǎn)模式下查情和配種的各種技巧，其中很多章節(jié)圖文并茂可以直接作為SOP使用 。20.返情母豬的處理HANDLING OF RETURNERS20.1返情母豬是不可避免的，但正確處理能使非生產(chǎn)天數(shù)最短Returners Can Not Be Avoided, But With Correct Handling Non-productive Days Can Be Minimized發(fā)情鑒定要從配種后第18天開始 。Heat control should be performed from 18 days after mating.用超聲波掃描儀在母豬配種后第24天進行妊娠鑒定 。Pregnancy control can be performed from day 24 with a 2-dimensional scanner.將空懷母豬安置在后備母豬旁邊 。Empty sows are placed near the gilts.已經(jīng)返情的母豬要及時轉(zhuǎn)移至預(yù)期與其同一周分娩的豬群中 。Sows that has returned, move on to the week group they should farrow with.返情超過一次的母豬通常要淘汰 。Sows that return more than once should generally beculled.淘汰生產(chǎn)多于5胎的返情母豬 。Sows older than 5 litters that returns should be culled.那些不規(guī)律的返情母豬通常不會遵守3周的發(fā)情周期 。Irregular returners are returners that do not fifit with the normal 3-week cycle.返情母豬是不可避免的 。Returners can not be avoided.母豬的返情會增加工作時間，并引起欄中的躁動 。Returners is time consuming and provide turbulence in the pen.20.2返情母豬太多會降低每頭母豬的年產(chǎn)仔豬數(shù)Many Returners Costs Pig Per Sow Per Year缺乏發(fā)情和妊娠鑒定會導(dǎo)致由于返情母豬引起的非生產(chǎn)天數(shù)增加 。Lack of oestrus- and pregnancy control leads to many non-production days because of returners.6-7天的非生產(chǎn)天數(shù)會使每頭母豬的年產(chǎn)仔豬數(shù)下降1頭 。6-7 non-production days extra “costs” 1 pig per sow per year.母豬的返情會增加工作時間，這是由于多次的轉(zhuǎn)圈和對空懷母豬的額外觀察 。Returners are time consuming due to multiple displacements and increased observation of empty sows.返情母豬過多會使對群體大?。恐埽┑墓芾碜兊睦щy 。Many returners make it diffiffifficult to manage the group size.20.3補充說明: 返情母豬的處理Additional Comments: Handling Of Returners如果母豬第一次配種未受孕，并處于正常發(fā)情周期，它將會在18-24天后再次發(fā)情 。通過對配種后的母豬進行積極主動的發(fā)情鑒定，可以第一時間發(fā)現(xiàn)那些潛在的返情母豬 。If the fifirst mating has not resulted in a pregnancy and the sow is in normal cycle, she will be in heat again 18-24 days later. By active heat control among the mated sows you will be able to catch potential returners the fifirst time they come in heat.如果通過掃描發(fā)現(xiàn)母豬空懷，要把它轉(zhuǎn)移到配種舍，在那里比在妊娠舍里能更好的進行短期優(yōu)飼、更多的關(guān)注發(fā)情鑒定和更好的與公豬接觸 。If you fifind the sow empty by scanning, it is moved to the mating unit where there will be a better chance of flflushing, more focus on heat control and better boar contact than in the gestation unit.

連載十一 怎么給豬配種，配種管理指南


將空懷母豬安置在后備母豬旁邊，確保進行一天2次的發(fā)情鑒定 。從而更容易注意到母豬的發(fā)情情況 。By collecting the empty sows near gilts you ensure that they are where you will be making heat control twice a day. This ensures that you are more aware of when the sows come into heat.將返情母豬轉(zhuǎn)移至與其同一周分娩的豬群中，這能使接下來的妊娠鑒定、接種疫苗等工作變得易 。It gives the best view in the unit if you always move the returners so they are housed with the week group they will farrow with. This will ease all future work with pregnancy control, vaccination, etc.經(jīng)驗表明，返情母豬的分娩率比群體中的其它母豬要低 。如果一頭母豬重復(fù)返情，懷孕的概率會隨著返情的次數(shù)大大下降 。如果群體的分娩率在82%以下，并且某一周的母豬數(shù)量下降，這很可能是因為有返情兩次或更多次的母豬 。Experiences shows that the farrowing rate of returners is lower than other sows in the herd. If asow returns repeatedly, the propability of pregnancy will be strongly decreasing with the numbers ofreturnings. If the farrowing rate in the herd is under 82 % and if there is a lack of sows in the weekly group, it may be appropriate to let a sow return two or more times.經(jīng)驗表明，生產(chǎn)多于5胎的母豬，如果返情，分娩率會非常低 。Experience shows that sows with more than 5 litters have a very low farrowing rate on returning.不規(guī)律的返情是指與第一次記錄的發(fā)情/配種時間相比，不能以3周為發(fā)情周期 。Irregular returners, which are returners that do not have a 3-week cycle, in relation to the fifirst recorded oestrus/ mating will occur.不規(guī)律的返情可能是因為：Irregular returners may be because:第一次配種時母豬還沒發(fā)情 。The sow was not in heat at the fifirst mating.登記的配種時間不正確 。The date of mating is not registered properly.母豬有過一段時間的泛情期（由于應(yīng)激、飼 料太少、白天減短、豬舍內(nèi)光線太弱、氣候 不好和飼料中有毒素） 。The sow has been a cyclical (“stalled”) for a period (stress, too little feed, decreasing day length, tooweak light strength in the unit, bad climate, and toxins in the feed).母豬有或有過囊腫（可能由毒素引起，但這不是唯一的原因） 。The sows have or have had cysts. (Can occur as a result of toxins, but it is not always a reason isfound).母豬懷孕了，但又流產(chǎn)了（掉了或發(fā)育不良） 。The sow was pregnant but lost the pregnancy (dropped or back formed fetuses).21.后備母豬初次發(fā)情的觀察和登記HEAT OBSERVATION AND REGISTRATION OF FIRST HEAT IN GILTS21.1最佳發(fā)情觀察Optimal Heat Observation后備母豬通常在6-7月齡出現(xiàn)第一次發(fā)情 。Gilts normally get their fifirst heat in 6-7 months of age.后備母豬6月齡后，可以開始每天與公豬接觸 。From the gilts are 6 months old, they can be introduced to the boar daily.每天通過發(fā)情鑒定的“5個要點”進行一次發(fā)情鑒定 。Heat control is performed after the 5-point plan once a day.當發(fā)現(xiàn)后備母豬第一次發(fā)情時，要對其做標記 。The gilts are marked when the fifirst heat is observed.母豬初次發(fā)情后，會形成18-24天的穩(wěn)定發(fā)情周期 。Gilts that have had their fifirst heat will be cyclic with an 18-24 day interval.未能與群體其它母豬一起發(fā)情的后備母豬，需要接受新的發(fā)情刺激 。Gilts that are not coming to heat with the rest of the group are exposed to new stimuli.后備母豬在配種舍里要有舒適的空間，足夠的光線，并與公豬接觸 。The mating unit must have good space, plenty of light and boar contact to the gilts.圈舍太擁擠使發(fā)情觀察和記錄很困難 。Cramped conditions make it diffiffifficult to observe and record heat.21.2后備母豬不發(fā)情，可能是因為Lack Of Heat In Gilts May Be Due To發(fā)情時受到應(yīng)激而被抑制，如圈舍太擁擠、等級競爭或爭奪飼料 。The heat is suppressed due to negative stress eg lack of space, rank matches or fifight over feed.體況不好，發(fā)育不良 。Poor body condition and failure to thrive.缺少與公豬的接觸 。Lack of boar contact.豬舍內(nèi)氨的氣味抑制了后備母豬的嗅覺 。Ammonia smell in the unit inhibits the gilts smell.后備母豬的發(fā)情跡象不明顯，且因發(fā)情鑒定沒做到位而未被工作人員發(fā)現(xiàn) 。The gilt shows weak heat signs and the heat is not detected by the staffff because the heat control isinadequate.光照不足 。Lack of light.以下可造成后備母豬的發(fā)情鑒定困難Heat control in gilts can be diffiffifficult if后備母豬散布在豬舍的不同位置 。The gilts are in difffferent places in the housing system.后備母豬處于很大的群體中 。The gilts go in large incalculable groups.21.3補充說明: 后備母豬初次發(fā)情的觀察和登記Additional Comments: Heat Observation And Registration Of First Heat In Gilts除了年齡以外，初次發(fā)情的時間還取決于品種、體況、與公豬的接觸和后備母豬周圍環(huán)境的變化 。Besides age the time of fifirst heat depends of race, body condition, boar contact and changes in the gilts surroundings.與公豬的接觸需要后備母豬和公豬在同一圈舍內(nèi) 。為了達到與公豬接觸的最佳效果，需要一天接觸兩次，每次持續(xù)10-15分鐘 。Boar contact should be done by gilts and boar being in the same pen. For optimal effffect of boar contact it is recommended twice a day of 10-15 minutes duration.公豬必須是性成熟的，且最好超過10月齡 。The boar must be sexually mature, preferably over 10 months old.發(fā)情鑒定的實施首先要從外部可見的發(fā)情跡象來觀察，像陰唇紅腫，好奇心增加，也可能會爬跨其它母豬 。Heat control is performed by fifirst and foremost to look after the visible exterior heat signs which areswollen and red labia, increased curiosity from the gilt and possible mount on other animals.并非所有母豬都有明顯的發(fā)情跡象（后備母豬年齡越大，發(fā)情跡象越不明顯），所以授精人員進行積極主動的發(fā)情鑒定是很重要的 。當授精人員進行發(fā)情鑒定時，要通過模仿公豬與后備母豬接觸時的刺激要點 。Not all animals show visible heat signs (the older the gilts get, the weaker the heat signs are) so it isimportant that the inseminator performs an active heat control. When the inseminator performs heatcontrol it is done by imitating the boars touch of the gilts stimulation points.后備母豬必須出現(xiàn)靜立反射才能確認為初次發(fā)情 。靜立反射可通過授精人員執(zhí)行發(fā)情鑒定的“5個要點”或使用公豬來完成 。The gilt must show standing heat to detect the fifirst heat. The standing heat is triggered either via the 5 point plan executed by the inseminator or by using the boar.總的來說，在發(fā)情期間，為了使后備母豬出現(xiàn)靜立反射，通常要做很多工作 。First and last during the heat, you usually work more with the gilt to get it to show standing heat.當觀察到后備母豬的初次發(fā)情時，對其進行標記是很重要的 。用3種不同的顏色，并且每個星期換一種顏色，這有助于觀察每周需要關(guān)注的后備母豬 。當觀察到初次發(fā)情時，也可以選擇給后備母豬一個母豬編號 。給后備母豬做標記是為了便于進行短期優(yōu)飼（短期優(yōu)飼必須在計劃的配種日期前7-14天進行） 。It is a great advantage to mark the gilt when the fifirst heat is observed. Use 3 difffferent colors and change the color of each week. It helps to visualize the gilts you should be focusing on each week. You can also choose to give the gilt a sow number when fifirst heat is observed. Marking of gilts is a tool to fifind out when to flflush them. (Flushing must be done 7-14 days before expected mating).在一塊板或卡片上，記錄后備母豬編號和周編號，這樣即使母豬身上的顏色標記消失，也可根據(jù)記錄來判斷 。Write down the gilt number and week number on a board or card, so you have something to relate to if the color marks disappear.在第二次發(fā)情時配種或更遲配種，與第一次發(fā)情就配種相比，窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)更高 。Mating of the gilt in the second heat or later increases the litter size in relation to mating in the fifirst heat.當后備母豬的發(fā)情有規(guī)律后，發(fā)情時間是固定的，其發(fā)情間隔是18-24天 。When the gilts are cyclical, the time of heat cannot be moved. Cyclic gilts come into heat within an interval of 18-24 days.如果試圖通過給后備母豬注射激素來誘情，會有形成囊腫的風(fēng)險，且發(fā)情時間也不會變 。If you try to provoke a heat by injecting the gilt with hormones, you risk the formation of cysts and it does not move the time of heat.不建議給后備母豬用激素 。Use of hormones for gilts is not recommended.未能和圈舍內(nèi)其它后備母豬一起發(fā)情或超過7.5月齡還沒發(fā)情的后備母豬，需要進行新的刺激，如和其它母豬混群，轉(zhuǎn)圈，與不同的公豬接觸 。Gilts that do not come into heat together with the other pen mates or later than 7.5 months is exposed to new stimuli/ positive stress. It can be done by mixing with other animals, moving between the units and/or boar contact with difffferent boars.超過10-11月齡且處于舒適圈舍中，而還沒有出現(xiàn)明顯發(fā)情的后備母豬要淘汰 ?？倳幸恍┠肛i不發(fā)情 。如果不發(fā)情的比例超過5%，需要花更多的心思在飼養(yǎng)條件上 。Gilts that have had optimal conditions in the mating unit, but have not shown a clear heat latest at 10-11 months of age are culled. There will always be a certain number of animals that never comes into heat. If this number exceeds 5 % you should explore the conditions more.

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